Elsevier

Schizophrenia Research

Volume 192, February 2018, Pages 469-470
Schizophrenia Research

Letter to the Editor
The effect of tDCS on auditory hallucination and P50 sensory gating in patients with schizophrenia: A pilot study

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2017.04.023Get rights and content

Section snippets

Conflict of interest

No authors have conflicts of interest to declare.

Contributors

Authors Minah Kim, Tae Young Lee, and Jun Soo Kwon contributed to study design and study procedures. Author Youngwoo Bryan Yoon applied tDCS to the patients. Authors Minah Kim, Tak Hyung Lee, Youngwoo Bryan Yoon performed data analysis. Author Minah Kim wrote the first draft of the manuscript. Authors Tae Young Lee, and Jun Soo Kwon contributed to data interpretation and manuscript revision. Author Tae Young Lee managed and supervised all study procedures. All of the authors have critically

Role of the funding source

This research was supported by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning (Grant no. NRF-2015R1C1A1A01053988).

Acknowledgments

The authors thank all research participants. The authors are also grateful to their anonymous reviewers for providing suggestions and comments.

References (11)

There are more references available in the full text version of this article.

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    In addition, studies with overlapping samples were excluded from further analysis, furthermore only first estimation was included from the studies that had repeated estimations of P50 sensory gating in a group. 115 articles (Adler et al., 2005; Adler et al., 1990a; Adler et al., 2004; Adler et al., 1982; Adler et al., 1985; Adler et al., 1990b; Arango et al., 2003; Arnfred et al., 2003; Arnfred et al., 2004; Bak et al., 2014; Baker et al., 1987; Becker et al., 2004; Becker et al., 2011; Boutros et al., 1999; Boutros et al., 2009; Boutros et al., 2004; Boutros et al., 1991; Braff et al., 2007; Brenner et al., 2009; Brockhaus-Dumke et al., 2008a; Brockhaus-Dumke et al., 2008b; Brunstein et al., 2005; Buchanan et al., 2003; Cabranes et al., 2013; Chen et al., 2011; Clementz and Blumenfeld, 2001; Clementz et al., 1997a; Clementz et al., 1997b, 1998a, b; Cullum et al., 1993; Dalecki et al., 2016; de Wilde et al., 2007a; Demily et al., 2016; Devrim-Ucok et al., 2008; Domjan et al., 2012; During et al., 2014; El-Kaim et al., 2015; Franks et al., 1983; Freedman et al., 1987; Fresan et al., 2007; Ghisolfi et al., 2006; Ghisolfi et al., 2004; Ghisolfi et al., 2002; Gjini et al., 2010; Gjini et al., 2011; Griffith and Freedman, 1995; Griffith et al., 1998; Griffith et al., 1993; Hall et al., 2015; Hall et al., 2014; Hong et al., 2008a; Hong et al., 2004; Hong et al., 2007; Hong et al., 2009; Hsieh et al., 2004; Jin et al., 1998; Johannesen et al., 2005; Johannesen et al., 2013; Judd et al., 1992; Kathmann and Engel, 1990; Keri et al., 2010; Kim et al., 2018; Kisley and Cornwell, 2006; Koike et al., 2005; Light et al., 2000; Louchart-de la Chapelle et al., 2005a; Louchart-de la Chapelle et al., 2005b; Lu et al., 2007; Martin et al., 2007a; Mazhari et al., 2011; Micoulaud-Franchi et al., 2015a; Micoulaud-Franchi et al., 2012; Micoulaud-Franchi et al., 2015b; Micoulaud-Franchi et al., 2014; Micoulaud-Franchi et al., 2015c; Moran et al., 2012; Myles-Worsley, 2002; Nagamoto et al., 1996; Nagamoto et al., 1999; Nagamoto et al., 1989; Nagamoto et al., 1991; Neuhaus et al., 2014; Olincy et al., 2010; Olincy and Martin, 2005; Olincy et al., 2000; Oranje and Glenthoj, 2014; Patterson et al., 2009; Price et al., 2006; Rentzsch et al., 2007; Ringel et al., 2004; Sanchez-Morla et al., 2008; Sanchez-Morla et al., 2013; Sanchez-Morla et al., 2009; Santos et al., 2010; Shan et al., 2013; Siegel et al., 1984; Smith et al., 2010; Smith et al., 2013; Smucny et al., 2013; Song et al., 2014; Storozheva et al., 2016; Thoma et al., 2003; Thoma et al., 2008; Toyomaki et al., 2015; Turetsky et al., 2009; Vinogradov et al., 1996; Waldo et al., 1992; Waldo et al., 1988; Waldo et al., 1994; Waldo et al., 2010; Waters et al., 2009; Williams et al., 2011; Wonodi et al., 2014; Yee et al., 1998; Yee et al., 2010; Zhang et al., 2012) were included in schizophrenia, 16 studies (Adler et al., 1990a; Ancin et al., 2011; Cabranes et al., 2013; Carroll et al., 2008; Domjan et al., 2012; Franks et al., 1983; Hall et al., 2015; Hall et al., 2014; Hall et al., 2008; Johannesen et al., 2013; Lijffijt et al., 2009; Martin et al., 2007a; Olincy and Martin, 2005; Patterson et al., 2009; Sanchez-Morla et al., 2008; Schulze et al., 2007) were included in bipolar disorder, 10 study groups (in 9 studies) in first-degree relatives (Clementz et al., 1998b; de Wilde et al., 2007a; Hall et al., 2008; Hong et al., 2008b; Louchart-de la Chapelle et al., 2005b; Myles-Worsley, 2002; Olincy et al., 2010; Schulze et al., 2007; Siegel et al., 1984) and 110 studies included healthy controls (Adler et al., 1990a; Adler et al., 2004; Adler et al., 1982; Adler et al., 1985; Adler et al., 1990b; Arnfred et al., 2003; Arnfred et al., 2004; Bak et al., 2014; Baker et al., 1987; Becker et al., 2004; Becker et al., 2011; Boutros et al., 1999; Boutros et al., 2009; Boutros et al., 2004; Braff et al., 2007; Brenner et al., 2009; Brockhaus-Dumke et al., 2008a; Brockhaus-Dumke et al., 2008b; Cabranes et al., 2013; Carroll et al., 2008; Chen et al., 2011; Clementz and Blumenfeld, 2001; Clementz et al., 1997a; Clementz et al., 1997b, 1998a, b; Cullum et al., 1993; Dalecki et al., 2016; de Wilde et al., 2007a; Demily et al., 2016; Devrim-Ucok et al., 2008; Domjan et al., 2012; During et al., 2014; El-Kaim et al., 2015; Franks et al., 1983; Freedman et al., 1987; Fresan et al., 2007; Ghisolfi et al., 2006; Ghisolfi et al., 2004; Ghisolfi et al., 2002; Gjini et al., 2010; Gjini et al., 2011; Griffith and Freedman, 1995; Griffith et al., 1993; Hall et al., 2015; Hall et al., 2014; Hall et al., 2008; Hong et al., 2004; Hong et al., 2008b; Hong et al., 2007; Hong et al., 2009; Hsieh et al., 2004; Hsieh et al., 2012; Jin et al., 1998; Johannesen et al., 2005; Johannesen et al., 2013; Judd et al., 1992; Kathmann and Engel, 1990; Keri et al., 2010; Kisley and Cornwell, 2006; Koike et al., 2005; Lijffijt et al., 2009; Louchart-de la Chapelle et al., 2005a; Louchart-de la Chapelle et al., 2005b; Lu et al., 2007; Martin et al., 2007a; Mazhari et al., 2011; Micoulaud-Franchi et al., 2015a; Micoulaud-Franchi et al., 2012; Micoulaud-Franchi et al., 2014; Moran et al., 2012; Myles-Worsley, 2002; Nagamoto et al., 1989; Nagamoto et al., 1991; Neuhaus et al., 2014; Olincy et al., 2010; Olincy and Martin, 2005; Olincy et al., 2000; Oranje and Glenthoj, 2014; Price et al., 2006; Rentzsch et al., 2007; Ringel et al., 2004; Sanchez-Morla et al., 2008; Sanchez-Morla et al., 2013; Sanchez-Morla et al., 2009; Santos et al., 2010; Schulze et al., 2007; Shan et al., 2013; Siegel et al., 1984; Smith et al., 2010; Smith et al., 2013; Smucny et al., 2013; Song et al., 2014; Storozheva et al., 2016; Thoma et al., 2003; Thoma et al., 2008; Turetsky et al., 2009; Waldo et al., 1992; Waldo et al., 1988; Waldo et al., 1994; Waters et al., 2009; Williams et al., 2011; Wonodi et al., 2014; Yee et al., 1998; Yee et al., 2010; Zhang et al., 2012). Both study selection and data extraction were performed by two authors independently for both schizophrenia (IKA and MIA) and bipolar disorder (SZT and MIA), a third author (MHH) made final decisions for conflicts.

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    In addition, we need to examine whether attention, working memory and processing speed (which are associated with P50 sensory gating deficiency in patients with schizophrenia) also play a role in the experience of AVH in patients with BPD, and whether interventions aimed at improving attention and working memory can improve P50 sensory gating and decrease the distress/dysfunction caused by AVH (Popov et al., 2011). Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is another possible treatment aimed at modulating P50 sensory gating to improve auditory hallucinations, which may be worth investigating when more definite results in patients with schizophrenia become available (Kim et al., 2018). Finally, in view of the positive effects of clozapine on P50 sensory gating (Adler et al., 2004; Becker et al., 2004; Nagamoto et al., 1999; Simosky et al., 2003), it is important to examine whether this effect can also be achieved in patients with BPD and AVH, and whether improved P50 sensory gating leads to diminishment of AVH in this patient group.

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